Best Soil Mix for ZZ Plants

The best soil mix for ZZ plants is a well-draining, aerated blend. It is made from all-purpose potting soil (50%), perlite (30%), and coarse sand or coco coir (20%). This combination ensures optimal moisture balance, preventing root rot — the most common cause of ZZ plant decline.

ZZ plants (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) originate from the arid regions of Eastern Africa. They evolved to thrive in rocky, porous soil with intermittent rainfall. Recreating this environment indoors is essential for long-term plant health.

According to Houseplant Cooperative, ZZ plants prefer slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH 6.0–7.0) with excellent drainage. A dense or water-retentive mix suffocates roots, leading to anaerobic conditions and fungal infections.

This guide combines botanical science, soil chemistry, and horticultural best practices. It helps you create the optimal soil mix for ZZ plants. This mix supports healthy root systems, glossy foliage, and sustained growth.

Signs It’s Time to Replace Your ZZ Plant Soil

Even with careful maintenance, all soil eventually degrades. Knowing when to replace it can prevent long-term damage to your ZZ plant. The first sign is slower growth despite proper watering and light. This often indicates that the soil has compacted or lost its nutrient-holding capacity.

Another red flag is persistent moisture retention. If the soil stays wet for more than a week after watering, it has likely lost its structure and aeration. This creates conditions ripe for root rot. In such cases, repot immediately using a fresh, airy mix with ample perlite or pumice.

Foul odors are another indicator of decaying organic matter or anaerobic bacteria in the soil. Healthy soil should smell earthy, not sour or rotten. If you detect an unpleasant odor, remove the plant, rinse the roots, and replace the soil entirely.

Lastly, visible salt or mineral buildup on the soil surface or pot rim signals chemical imbalance. These white crusts form when water evaporates, leaving behind dissolved salts. Replacing the soil eliminates this residue and restores a balanced environment for the plant.

What Is the Ideal Soil Mix for ZZ Plants?

The ideal soil mix for ZZ plants is a fast-draining and nutrient-balanced blend. It should include potting soil, perlite, and coarse sand or coco coir.

Each component plays a distinct physiological role:

This formulation mimics the loamy, rocky substrates of the ZZ plant’s native habitat. The coarse texture prevents compaction, ensuring oxygen reaches the rhizomes — the plant’s underground storage organs.

Petal Republic confirms that this combination promotes strong root development and prevents overwatering issues common in dense soils.

Best Soil Mix Recipes for ZZ Plants

Why Drainage Is Critical in a Soil Mix for ZZ Plants

Drainage is vital because ZZ plants store water in their rhizomes, making them highly susceptible to overwatering and root rot.

In poorly draining soil, excess moisture eliminates air pockets, causing anaerobic microbial growth that decomposes roots. A 2023 study by the University of Florida IFAS Extension identified poor drainage as a cause of increased root rot. It affects tropical houseplants significantly. The incidence of root rot goes up by more than 67%.

To enhance drainage:

• Use pots with drainage holes.
• Add a 1-inch layer of pumice or gravel at the bottom.
• Avoid compacting the soil during potting.

When watered, 20–25% of the total volume should drain through the bottom — an indicator of proper soil permeability.

What Is the Best pH Level for a ZZ Plant Soil Mix?

The best pH range for a ZZ plant soil mix is 6.0 to 7.0, which supports optimal nutrient absorption and microbial activity.

According to Houseplant Cooperative, a slightly acidic environment facilitates the uptake of iron. It also aids in manganese and phosphorus absorption. These nutrients are all essential for leaf pigmentation and root health.

If your soil pH exceeds 7.0, mix in sphagnum peat moss to reduce alkalinity. For acidic soils, add small amounts of garden lime.

How to Make a DIY Soil Mix for ZZ Plants at Home

To make a DIY soil mix for ZZ plants, combine the following ingredients by volume:

• 2 parts all-purpose potting soil
• 1 part perlite
• 1 part coarse sand or coco coir

Step-by-step process:

1. Sterilize the soil by baking it at 180°F for 30 minutes to eliminate pathogens.
2. Mix thoroughly in a large container until the texture feels crumbly.
3. Test drainage by watering a small batch — water should pass through within 10–15 seconds.
4. Adjust texture: If it retains too much water, add more perlite; if too dry, add coco coir.

Cafe Planta emphasizes balancing moisture retention and drainage as the key to a healthy ZZ plant soil ecosystem.

How Often Should You Water ZZ Plants in This Soil Mix?

Water every 14–21 days, or when the top 2 inches of soil are completely dry.

Insert a moisture meter — if it reads 2/10, water thoroughly until about 20% runoff exits the pot’s drainage holes. ZZ plants prefer periods of dryness between watering cycles.

According to GardenerBible, consistent overwatering causes over 80% of houseplant deaths. ZZ plants are particularly vulnerable. Their water-storing rhizomes make them more susceptible.

How Temperature and Humidity Affect the ZZ Plant Soil Mix

ZZ plants thrive in temperatures between 65°F and 80°F (18°C–27°C) and moderate humidity levels of 40–60%. These environmental conditions directly influence soil moisture dynamics. At higher temperatures, water evaporates faster. This requires more frequent watering. In contrast, cooler environments slow evaporation. They increase the risk of overwatering.

According to the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS, temperature fluctuations above 85°F can cause rapid drying of the soil surface while deeper layers remain moist. This uneven moisture distribution stresses the plant, causing yellowing leaves and stunted growth. Maintaining consistent indoor temperatures helps stabilize the soil’s moisture retention curve.

Humidity also plays a critical role. In low-humidity environments, such as air-conditioned homes, soil tends to lose moisture rapidly. Incorporating coco coir instead of sand can improve water retention without compromising aeration. In contrast, high humidity environments require a more porous mix with extra perlite to prevent fungal growth.

To balance both factors, use a digital hygrometer to monitor humidity and adjust watering frequency accordingly. For example, at 40% humidity, water every 14 days; at 60% humidity, extend intervals to 18–21 days. This adaptive approach ensures your ZZ plant’s soil mix remains consistently balanced.

Should You Add Cactus or Succulent Soil to a ZZ Plant Mix?

Yes — incorporating cactus or succulent soil into your ZZ plant mix can significantly improve drainage. It mimics the plant’s native arid conditions. Cactus soil typically contains sand, pumice, and perlite, which promote airflow and prevent root suffocation. The Green Aesthetic notes that blending 50% cactus soil with 50% regular potting mix creates an ideal balance. This ensures both moisture retention and drainage.

However, cactus soil alone may be too dry for ZZ plants if your home environment has low humidity. In such cases, blending it with coco coir or peat moss helps maintain adequate moisture levels. This hybrid approach provides the aeration benefits of cactus soil while ensuring roots don’t desiccate between watering cycles.

Another advantage of cactus soil is its lower organic content, which reduces the risk of fungal gnats and bacterial growth. These pests thrive in moist, organic-rich soils. By using a cactus blend, you create a less hospitable environment for pests while encouraging stronger, more resilient roots.

Finally, cactus soil’s coarse texture prevents compaction over time. Even after two years, it maintains its structure, unlike standard potting soil that tends to break down. This longevity makes cactus soil a cost-effective amendment for ZZ plant owners who prefer minimal repotting.

How to Repot a ZZ Plant Using the Best Soil Mix

Repotting your ZZ plant every 18–24 months revitalizes the root system and refreshes the soil’s nutrient profile. The process starts by selecting a pot that is 1–2 inches wider than the current one. This ensures there is adequate space for rhizome expansion.

Start by gently removing the plant from its existing pot, supporting the base to avoid damaging the rhizomes. Shake off excess soil. Inspect the roots for signs of rot. Trim dark, mushy roots with sterilized scissors. According to Simplify Plants, pruning damaged roots before repotting can reduce rot recurrence by up to 60%.

Next, fill the new pot one-third full with your prepared soil mix for ZZ plants. Use a mixture of 50% potting soil, 30% perlite, and 20% coco coir or sand. Position the plant so that the rhizomes sit just below the soil surface, then backfill gently without compacting. Leave about one inch of space from the rim for watering.

After repotting, water lightly to settle the soil but avoid overwatering. Place the plant in bright, indirect light for two weeks to allow roots to acclimate. Avoid fertilizing for at least one month post-repotting to prevent stress from nutrient overload.

Can You Use Commercial Potting Mixes for ZZ Plants?

Yes, you can use commercial potting mixes for ZZ plants. However, they require customization to achieve the right texture and drainage. Most off-the-shelf potting soils are designed for general houseplants and are too moisture-retentive for ZZ plants. They often contain large proportions of peat moss. This composition holds water for extended periods. It is unsuitable for a species that thrives in semi-arid conditions.

To adapt a commercial soil, mix in 30% perlite and 10–20% coarse sand or pumice. This modification enhances aeration and prevents compaction. According to Home Tranquil, amending store-bought potting soil in this way increases drainage efficiency by up to 45%. This significantly reduces the risk of root rot.

Another factor to consider is nutrient density. Many pre-mixed soils contain slow-release fertilizers that may not align with the ZZ plant’s nutrient uptake rate. Excess nitrogen can lead to overly lush, weak foliage prone to yellowing. If your mix includes fertilizer, use it sparingly. Flush the soil with water every few months to prevent salt accumulation.

Lastly, always check the pH range indicated on the packaging. The optimal range for ZZ plants is 6.0–7.0. If the mix’s pH is above 7.5, it may cause micronutrient deficiencies, particularly iron and manganese. In such cases, blend in a small amount of sphagnum peat moss to rebalance acidity.

How Soil Composition Affects ZZ Plant Growth Rate

Soil composition directly influences the growth rate and vigor of a ZZ plant. A well-aerated, nutrient-balanced mix encourages faster rhizome expansion, leading to more frequent leaf production. Conversely, compacted or waterlogged soil restricts oxygen flow, reducing root respiration and stunting growth.

ZZ plants grown in a perlite-supplemented substrate exhibited 28% faster shoot development. This research was conducted by the University of Nairobi’s Department of Botany. This is in comparison to those grown in standard potting soil. This is attributed to enhanced oxygen diffusion and reduced microbial stress in the rhizosphere.

The organic-to-inorganic ratio also matters. Organic materials, like compost or coco coir, provide nutrients and help retain moisture. Inorganic components, like perlite or sand, maintain structure and prevent compaction. A 60:40 organic-to-inorganic ratio is ideal for achieving balanced growth.

Additionally, soil nutrient content affects leaf color and thickness. Nitrogen supports chlorophyll synthesis, phosphorus promotes root development, and potassium enhances disease resistance. Using a nutrient-rich yet well-draining soil ensures your ZZ plant maintains its signature glossy, dark-green foliage year-round.

How to Test and Adjust Your ZZ Plant Soil Mix at Home

Testing your soil mix ensures it meets the physical and chemical needs of ZZ plants. Begin with a drainage test: water your pot thoroughly and measure how long it takes for excess water to drain. Ideally, water should pass through within 15–20 seconds. If it takes longer, the mix is too dense and needs more perlite or sand.

Next, assess pH levels using an inexpensive soil pH meter or test kit. The target range is 6.0–7.0. If readings are below 6.0, mix in a small amount of garden lime to raise the pH. If above 7.0, incorporate peat moss or pine bark to increase acidity. Adjust gradually to avoid shocking the plant.

You can also test moisture retention by watering the soil and checking after 24 hours. The top inch should feel dry while the lower layers remain slightly moist. If the entire mix dries out too quickly, add more coco coir; if it stays soggy, increase perlite content.

Finally, observe your plant’s response over time. Yellowing leaves indicate overwatering or poor drainage, while wrinkled stems suggest underwatering. Regularly testing and adjusting your soil mix allows you to maintain a stable environment that promotes consistent growth.

Comparing Different Soil Mix Recipes for ZZ Plants

Different soil recipes can produce varying results depending on your environment and watering habits. Below is a comparison of the most effective formulations for ZZ plants:

According to Cafe Planta, the Arid Mix offers the best drainage for humid regions. The Eco Mix is ideal for environmentally conscious growers seeking a sustainable alternative.

Each recipe can be fine-tuned based on local humidity, temperature, and watering frequency. For instance, if your home is dry and warm, incorporating more coco coir can help maintain moisture stability. Conversely, in cooler, damp environments, increasing perlite ensures faster drying between waterings.

Experimentation is key — start with a base formula and adjust incrementally. Over time, you’ll discover the precise balance that works best for your plant and environment.

The Role of Microorganisms in ZZ Plant Soil Health

Healthy soil isn’t just a physical medium — it’s a living ecosystem teeming with microorganisms that support plant health. Beneficial microbes like mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria enhance nutrient uptake and protect roots from pathogens.

In well-draining soil, these microorganisms thrive by forming symbiotic relationships with the plant’s roots. Mycorrhizae, for example, extend the root system’s reach, increasing phosphorus absorption by up to 30%. In 2023, the American Society for Horticultural Science conducted a study. It demonstrated the benefits of inoculating ZZ plant soil with mycorrhizal fungi. This practice improved overall growth rates by 22%. This result was compared to sterile soil.

However, microbial balance is delicate. Overwatering or using heavy soil mixes creates anaerobic conditions, which favor harmful microorganisms such as Pythium and Fusarium. These fungi attack the plant’s roots and rhizomes, leading to soft, mushy tissue and eventual rot. Maintaining a well-aerated, fast-draining soil mix ensures beneficial microbes dominate the soil ecosystem.

To encourage microbial health, incorporate small amounts of organic compost into your ZZ plant soil mix. You can also use worm castings. These materials provide beneficial bacteria and enzymes that help break down organic matter into plant-available nutrients. However, use them sparingly — too much organic matter can increase water retention and risk of pests.

Another effective strategy is adding mycorrhizal inoculants during repotting. These powdered or granular products introduce beneficial fungi that colonize the roots, improving nutrient and water absorption. This symbiotic relationship is particularly beneficial for ZZ plants, which naturally grow in nutrient-poor soils.

Finally, avoid using chemical fungicides or sterilizing agents unless absolutely necessary. While they may eliminate pathogens, they can also wipe out beneficial microbial populations. Instead, maintain a healthy microbial balance through proper soil composition, watering practices, and occasional organic amendments.

How Light Exposure Interacts with Soil Conditions

Light exposure and soil moisture are deeply interconnected for ZZ plants. In low-light environments, photosynthesis slows, reducing the plant’s water uptake. As a result, soil stays wet longer, increasing the risk of root rot. Conversely, in bright, indirect light, the plant uses more water, and soil dries more quickly.

According to The Sill, ZZ plants tolerate low light but grow best in medium to bright indirect light. In these conditions, the soil mix should retain moderate moisture without becoming soggy. A blend of potting soil, perlite, and coco coir provides the right balance for such lighting.

If your ZZ plant is placed in a dim room, make sure to improve drainage. Add extra perlite or sand to the soil mix. This adjustment compensates for slower evaporation rates. If your plant receives bright light or is near a window, add a bit more coco coir. This helps the soil retain moisture between waterings.

Monitoring both light and soil together allows for precise care. Use a moisture meter and a light meter to determine if your soil mix and placement are in harmony. When both factors are balanced, your ZZ plant will produce thicker stems, glossier leaves, and steady new growth.

Should You Fertilize Your ZZ Plant Soil Mix?

Yes — fertilize ZZ plants every 6–8 weeks during the growing season. This season lasts from spring to early fall. Use a balanced liquid fertilizer (10-10-10) diluted to half strength.

While ZZ plants are slow growers, moderate feeding enhances leaf sheen and root vitality. Cafe Planta notes that periodic fertilization supports nutrient depletion from potting media over time.

Avoid fertilizing during winter dormancy, as nutrient uptake slows and salt buildup can damage roots.

How Fertilizers Interact with Soil Composition

Fertilizers play an important role in supporting ZZ plant health, but their effectiveness depends heavily on soil composition. In well-draining soil, nutrients are more evenly distributed and accessible to roots. However, in dense or compacted soil, fertilizer salts can accumulate, leading to chemical burns or nutrient imbalances.

For ZZ plants, a balanced, diluted fertilizer works best. Use a 10-10-10 or 20-20-20 liquid fertilizer every 6–8 weeks during the growing season. This schedule provides sufficient nutrients. It avoids overwhelming the plant. Always apply fertilizer to moist soil to prevent root burn.

The soil’s cation exchange capacity (CEC) refers to its ability to hold and release nutrients. This capacity is also influenced by its components. Organic materials like coco coir and compost have higher CEC values, meaning they can store more nutrients for gradual release. In contrast, inorganic materials like perlite and sand have low CEC but improve aeration. A balanced mix ensures both immediate and sustained nutrient availability.

It’s also essential to periodically leach the soil to prevent fertilizer salt buildup. This is especially important if you use tap water, which often contains dissolved minerals. Flushing the pot every few months maintains chemical equilibrium in the soil, keeping it healthy for long-term plant growth.

Seasonal Adjustments for ZZ Plant Soil Care

ZZ plants experience different growth patterns throughout the year, and their soil care should adapt accordingly. During spring and summer, the plant enters its active growth phase. It requires slightly more moisture and nutrients, so soil should retain moderate humidity without becoming waterlogged.

In this period, fertilize every 6–8 weeks using a diluted 10-10-10 liquid fertilizer. The soil’s microbial community is also more active in warmer months, aiding nutrient cycling. Ensure your mix remains loose and aerated; if it starts compacting, gently stir the top layer to restore airflow.

During fall and winter, ZZ plants slow their growth and enter a semi-dormant state. Watering frequency should decrease significantly — sometimes only once every 4–6 weeks. The soil should be allowed to dry completely between waterings. Using a soil mix with higher perlite content helps prevent moisture buildup during this dormant phase.

Temperature and humidity fluctuations during winter can also affect soil conditions. Keep your ZZ plant away from cold drafts. Avoid heating vents as well. These extremes can dry out or chill the soil unevenly. Maintaining a stable environment ensures the soil ecosystem remains balanced throughout the year.

Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Soil Mix Alternatives

As sustainability becomes a priority in indoor gardening, many growers are shifting to eco-friendly soil components. Traditional peat moss, while effective, is not renewable and contributes to habitat loss. A sustainable alternative is coco coir, derived from coconut husks. It offers similar water retention properties but with a neutral pH and minimal environmental impact.

Another excellent substitute is rice hulls, which can replace perlite as a drainage enhancer. They are biodegradable, lightweight, and improve soil aeration. Garden Lively recommends incorporating rice hulls into ZZ plant soil. This practice improves drainage while it reduces the carbon footprint of your potting mix.

Composted bark or pine fines can replace part of the potting soil to create a more breathable structure. These materials also slowly release nutrients as they decompose, supporting long-term soil fertility.

For an entirely sustainable mix, try this formula:

• 40% coco coir
• 30% rice hulls or pumice
• 20% composted bark
• 10% worm castings

This eco mix provides excellent aeration, balanced moisture, and nutrient availability — all while being 100% renewable.

Common Soil Mistakes to Avoid When Growing ZZ Plants

The most common mistake when growing ZZ plants is using dense, moisture-retentive soil that lacks aeration. Heavy garden soil or unamended potting soil compacts easily, suffocating the rhizomes and roots. Over time, this leads to anaerobic conditions that promote fungal pathogens such as Pythium and Rhizoctonia, which cause root rot. According to Simplify Plants, compacted soil can reduce oxygen diffusion by up to 70%. This reduction drastically slows plant metabolism and nutrient uptake.

Another major error is omitting drainage layers. Many houseplant owners pot ZZ plants in decorative containers without drainage holes, trapping excess water. Even the best soil mix for ZZ plants cannot compensate for poor pot design. To prevent this, always use pots with at least one drainage hole. If aesthetics matter, place the grow pot inside a decorative cachepot to maintain style and function.

A third mistake is over-reliance on organic matter such as compost or peat moss. This needs to be balanced with inorganic materials like perlite or pumice. While organic matter adds nutrients, excessive amounts retain too much water. Gardening Elsa recommends maintaining a 2:1 ratio of inorganic to organic components to ensure proper drainage and aeration.

Lastly, neglecting to refresh soil every 18–24 months can lead to nutrient depletion and compaction. Over time, soil particles break down into finer textures, reducing pore space and oxygen flow. Repotting with a fresh mix rejuvenates the root zone and prevents buildup of fertilizer salts that can cause leaf burn.

Troubleshooting Soil-Related Problems in ZZ Plants

Even with the best soil mix, occasional problems can arise. The most common issues include yellowing leaves, drooping stems, and root rot. These problems are often linked to improper soil conditions.

Yellowing leaves usually indicate overwatering or poor drainage. Check the soil: if it feels soggy or smells musty, repot the plant immediately using a fresh, well-draining mix. Trim any affected roots and allow the plant to dry before watering again.

Drooping stems can result from underwatering or compacted soil. When soil becomes too dense, roots struggle to absorb water and nutrients. Loosen the top layer gently and water thoroughly, ensuring excess drains freely. If the problem persists, consider repotting with additional perlite or sand.

Root rot is the most serious issue and often fatal if ignored. Symptoms include foul odor, blackened roots, and soft rhizomes. Remove the plant from its pot, trim all affected roots, and replant in a sterile, airy mix. Adding activated charcoal to your soil can help absorb excess moisture and prevent future bacterial growth.

Long-Term Maintenance of ZZ Plant Soil 

Every 18–24 months, perform a full repotting. This process removes compacted soil, replenishes nutrients, and gives the rhizomes room to expand. When repotting, inspect the roots carefully — healthy roots should be firm and white to light tan. Any dark, mushy, or foul-smelling roots should be trimmed away before replanting. Always use sterilized tools to prevent cross-contamination.

During routine maintenance, it’s also important to flush the soil every few months. Over time, salts from tap water and fertilizers can accumulate in the potting mix. This buildup may lead to leaf burn or stunted growth. To flush, water the plant thoroughly. Ensure the excess drains freely from the bottom. Repeat this process two or three times in one session. This helps wash away built-up minerals and rebalances the soil’s chemistry.

Another key aspect of soil maintenance is aeration. As soil particles settle, they can compact and reduce airflow around the roots. Gently loosening the top layer with a chopstick or small fork every few weeks prevents compaction and improves oxygen exchange. This simple step can extend the lifespan of your soil mix and promote healthier root development.

Finally, monitor your plant’s overall growth patterns. If you notice slower growth, drooping stems, or faded leaves even with proper watering, this may be a sign. The soil might have lost its structure or nutrients. In such cases, refresh or replace the mix entirely to restore optimal growing conditions.

Final Thoughts — Perfecting the ZZ Plant Soil Mix

Creating the perfect soil mix for your ZZ plant is both a science and an art. The goal is to replicate the plant’s natural environment. Ensure it is a well-draining, aerated substrate. This mixture should retain just enough moisture to sustain its rhizomes. With the right blend of potting soil, perlite, and coco coir or sand, you can achieve this balance easily.

Remember that soil health is dynamic. Over time, environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and watering habits will influence how your mix performs. Regular observation and minor adjustments will ensure your ZZ plant thrives year-round.

For most growers, a 50% potting soil, 30% perlite, and 20% coco coir blend provides the ideal foundation. However, don’t be afraid to experiment — every home environment is unique, and small tweaks can make a big difference.

Ultimately, healthy soil equals a healthy plant. A well-maintained mix promotes strong roots and glossy leaves. It also ensures consistent growth. These are the hallmarks of a thriving ZZ plant that will beautify your space for years to come.

Conclusion 

Caring for a ZZ plant is simple once you understand its natural preferences. The key is creating the right soil environment. It should mimic the dry, well-draining conditions of its native African habitat. With the proper mix, watering routine, and occasional maintenance, your ZZ plant can thrive for decades with minimal effort.

The perfect soil for ZZ plants is light, airy, and fast-draining. It must also hold just enough moisture to support the rhizomes. A blend of potting soil, perlite, and coco coir (or sand) achieves this balance beautifully. This combination provides both oxygen and hydration, ensuring strong root development and lush, glossy foliage.

Regular care practices maintain soil health. These practices include flushing the soil, repotting every 18–24 months, and adjusting watering frequency seasonally. Pairing this with proper lighting (bright, indirect light) and moderate humidity creates an ideal environment for steady, resilient growth.

Ultimately, soil is the foundation of plant health. By investing in the right mix and maintaining it over time, you’re not just keeping your ZZ plant alive. You’re helping it flourish.

Quick ZZ Plant Soil & Care Tips

• Watering: Wait until the top 2–3 inches of soil are completely dry before watering again.
• Light: Prefers medium to bright indirect light but tolerates low light.
• Temperature: Keep between 65–80°F (18–27°C). Avoid cold drafts.
• Fertilizer: Use a diluted balanced fertilizer (10-10-10) every 6–8 weeks during spring and summer.
• Repotting: Every 18–24 months to refresh soil and provide root space.
• Drainage: Always use a pot with drainage holes — this is non-negotiable for ZZ plants.